English Literature:Translation Procedures In The Tale Teller Book The Grouchy Giant

CHAPTER I 1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY Many people think that translation is not easy to do, because in translation there  are many processes and methods. Today translation has become very significant in our  daily life, not only in paperwork,documents, but also in household products,and the  instruction manual for a vacuum cleaner. Translation is very important in order to  understand message or knowledge found in the source language. Translation has many  methods. So, in translating the translator may uses prodecures that differ in importance  according to contextual factors of both of the source language (SL) and target language  (TL).

 Newmark (as quoted by Machali 1998:1) defines translation as a craft consisting  in the attempt to replace a written message and statement in one language by that same  message and statement in another language. Nida (1969:12) states that translation  consists in reproducing in the receptor language that natural equivalent of the source  language message, first in term of meaning and second in term of style.

 Translation has many procedures or methods. So, in translating the translator may  uses procedures that differ in importance according to contextual factors of both of the  source language and target language. Newmark (1988:81) mentions the difference  between translation method and translation procedures. He writes that, while translation  methods relate to whole texts,translation procedures are used for sentences and the  smaller unit of language.

 In contrast to translation strategies (the translators’ global approach or plan of  action on a given text, according to their intention), translation procedures are used for  sentences and smaller units of language within that text. Translation procedures are  methods applied by translators when they formulate an equivalence for the purpose of  transferring elements of meaning from the Source Text (ST) to the Target Text (TT) Vinay and Darbelnet in Venuti (2000: 84-93) mention that the method of  translation can be divided into two covering procedures, they are (a) literal or direct  translation; consists of Borrowing,  Calque, and Literal translation, and (b) oblique  translation; consists of Transposition, Equivalent, Modulation and Adaption.

  Literal or direct translation procedures are used when structural and conceptual  elements of the source language can be transposed into the target language. Sentences  have literal meanings. The literal meaning of a sentence is entirely determined by the  meanings of its component words (or mor- phemes) and the syntactical rules according to  which these elements are combined. A sentence may have more than one literal meaning  (ambiguity) or its literal meaning may be defective or uninterpretable (nonsense).

 Direct or literal translation “is the direct transfer of a SL text into a grammatically  and idiomatically appropriate TL text in which the translator’s task is limited to  observing the adherence to the linguistic servitudes of the TL” (Venuti 86). This naturally  means that the translator has to operate within certain limits and is not free to appropriate  the language to suit his/her ends. When does a direct translation fail? According to Vinay  and Darbelnet it fails hen the TL translation fails to convey anything meaningful for  various reasons. It might not have the exact structural equivalent or migt not have a  corresponding expression. Idioms are the best examples of this. “It is raining cats and  dogs” in English cannot be translated literally into Hindi or most Indian languages, for  that matter.

 In cases like these the translator will have to resort to oblique translation. Here the  translator has to fall back on “identity of situations” or aim for an approximately accurate  replication of the impact of the SL text. Vinay and Darbelnet are of the vie that the  translator has to keep in mind the totality of the message that is to be communicated and  exercise her/his judgement in the method of translation. A translator might sometimes  choose to borrow a certain expression or saying from one language. This results in hat is  termed in lingustics as calque, or a literal, word-for-word translation. However, Vinay  and Darbelnet caution: “But the responbility of introducing such calques into a perfectly  organized language should not fall upon the shoulders of translators: only writers can  take such liberties, and they alone should take credit or blame for success or failure”. (“ A  Methodology for Translation”,90). Ultimately, they point out, it is the message alone that  can help us to judge if the translation has attained equivalence.

 Literal or direct translation procedures are used when structural and conceptual  elements of the source language can be transposed into the target language. Literal  translation refers to a translation technique that can be used when the languages involved   share parallel structures and concepts; not to a translation made word for word : Literal  translation carries the imprint of the original. This technique is used when it is possible to  transpose the source language (SL) message element into the target language (TL) and  obtain a text that is idiomatic. For example, all the geese which is translated into semua  angsa, it is example of literal translation procedure because the direct transfer of source  language text into a grammatically and idiomatically target text.

 Oblique translation procedures are used when the structural or conceptual  elements of the source language cannot be directly translated without altering meaning or  upsetting the grammatical and stylistics elements of the target language. This strategy can  also be found within a language, ‘I give him a kiss’ is semantically no difference from ‘I  kiss him’though the word ‘kiss’ is changed from a noun into a verb. According to Vinay  and Darbelnet, the first expression canbe called the base expression, while the converted  form of ‘kiss’ as a verb is called the transposed expression. As a result of the divergence  of language systems between SL and TT, this strategy to altering words without semantic change is undertaken probably most common and even sometime necessarily by  translators. From a stylistic point of view these words are of different value in TL, and  translators will face the possibility of changing the genre of the translation text. For the  example, crocodiles and cranes which are translated into buaya dan burung bangau, it  is the example of transposition, because replacing one word class with another changing  the meaning of the message.

English Literature:Translation Procedures In The Tale Teller Book The Grouchy Giant
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